List of keyboard shortcuts in Windows

CTRL + With: copying
CTRL + X: Cut
CTRL + V: insert
CTRL + Z: abolition of
DELETE: Removal
SHIFT + DELETE: remove the selected object can not be recovered, not putting it in the basket
CTRL while dragging an item: Copy the selected object
CTRL + SHIFT while dragging an item: Create a shortcut to selected item
Клавіша F2: перейменування вибраного об’єкту
CTRL + СТРІЛКА ВПРАВО: Move the insertion point to the next word
CTRL + СТРІЛКА ВЛІВО: Move the insertion point at the beginning of previous word
CTRL + СТРІЛКА ВНИЗ: Move the insertion point at the beginning of next paragraph
CTRL + СТРІЛКА ВГОРУ: Move the insertion point at the beginning of the previous paragraph
CTRL + SHIFT + клавіші зі стрілками: allocation of a block of text
SHIFT + клавіш�arrow keysf multiple objects in a window or on your desktop, and select text in a document
CTRL + A: select all document
Key F3: пошук файлу або папки
ALT + ENTER: перегляд властивостей вибраного об’єкту
ALT + F4: Close the active window or open applications
ALT + ENTER: перегляд властивостей �Image properties of the selected objectu for the active window
CTRL + F4: Close the active document in programs, which can be simultaneously open multiple documents
ALT + TAB: switch between open items
ALT + ESC: Image objects in the order, in which they were opened
Key F6: alternate view of widgets in a window or on your desktop
Клавіша F4: display bar under "My Computer" or Windows Explorer in the browser
SHIFT + F10: Call the context menu for selected item
ALT + ПРОБІЛ: viklik System menu for the active vіkna
CTRL + ESC: виклик меню «Пуск»
ALT + pіdkreslena letter in the menu nazvі: call the appropriate menu
Underlined letter in the name of the command menu open: Perform the corresponding command
Key F10: Activate the menu bar used by the program
СТРІЛКА ВПРАВО: the next menu to the right or submenu
СТРІЛКА ВЛІВО: the next menu to the left or close a submenu
Клавіша F5: Update the active window
Клавіша BACKSPACE: view folder contents, one level in the directory "My Computer” або Windows Explorer
ESC key: cancel the task
SHIFT when loading the CD in the drive for CDs: prevent auto-play CD
CTRL + SHIFT + ESC: call Task Manager

Keyboard shortcuts for dialog boxes
When you press SHIFT + F8 in windows lists a coherent selection mode includes a coherent choice. In this mode you can use the arrow keys, to move the cursor, maintaining selection object. To configure the selected item, press CTRL + SPACEBAR or SHIFT + ПРОБІЛ. To drop a connected mode, Press SHIFT + F8. Режим зв’язного вибору відключається автоматично при переміщенні фокуса до іншого елементу управління.

CTRL + TAB: peremіschennya forward tabs
CTRL + SHIFT + TAB: moving back to tabs
Tabulyatsіya: moving forward on options
SHIFT + TAB: moving backwards through options
ALT + pіdkreslena letter: Perform the corresponding command or select the appropriatESCption
ENTER Клавіша: command for the current option or button
Клавіша ПРОБІЛ: installation or removal of boxes from the field, yakscho active representations ensigns option button
Arrow keys: vibіr button, if the active option is a group of option buttons
Клавіша F1: challenge Help
Клавіша F4: display elements of the active list
Клавіша BACKSPACE: open the folder, located one level above, if the folder is selected in the Save As dialog box or Open

Hot keys of a standard keyboard, Microsoft Natural Keyboard

Емблема Windows: opens or closes the menu "Start"
Емблема Windows + BREAK: Call Properties dialog box of
Емблема Windows + D: show the desktop
Емблема Windows + M: Minimize all windows
Емблема Windows + SHIFT + M: Restore minimized windows
Емблема Windows + E: open the folder "My Computer"
Емблема Windows + F: пошук файлу або папки
CTRL + key Windows + F: Search for computers
Емблема Windows + F1: call Windows Help
Емблема Windows + L: keylock
Емблема Windows + R: call the Run dialog box
Емблема TABdows + U: виклик диспетчера службових програм

Keyboard shortcuts Accessibility

Hold the right SHIFT 8 секунд: Enable and disable input filtering
Лівий ALT + лів�Key BACKSPACE: включення і відключення високої контрастності
Лівий ALT + лівий SHIFT + PRINT SCREEN: Enable and disable High Contrast
Pressing SHIFT five times: Enable and Disable Sticky Keys
Hold the NUM LOCK key 5 секунд: on and off sound switch
Е�Key F4ws + U: виклик диспетчера службових програм

Keyboard shortcuts in Windows Explorer browseseconds�авіша END: transition down the active window
Клавіша HOME: Link up the active window
Клавіша NUM LOCK + asterisk (*): display all subdirectories of the selected foldYour Клавіша NUM LOCK + знак «мінус» (-): CollapseKey NUM LOCK /> СТРІЛКА ВЛІВО: Collapse the selected object, if deployed, or select the parent folder
СТРІЛКА ВПРАВKey Windowsed object, when folded, or select first subfolder

Shortcut keys for Character Map
Double-click the symbol on the grid marks, You can move around the grid, using keyboard shortcuts:

СТРІЛКА ВПРАВО: moving to the right or to the next line
СТРІЛКА ВЛІВО: move left or to the end of the previous row
СТРІЛКА ВГОРУ: move up one line
СТРІЛКА ВНИЗ: move down one line
Key PAGE UP: move up one screen at a time
Key PAGE DOWN: move down one screen at a time
Клавіша HOME: jump to top of the line
Клавіша END: transition to end of line
CTRL + HOME: transition to the first character
CTRL + END: transition to the last character
Клавіша ПРОБІЛ: switching modes increase and the normal view theSearch for a file or folderrtcuts for the Console management (MMC)

CTRL + O: open a saved console
CTRL + N: opens a new console
CTRL + S: preservation of open console
CTRL + M: adding and removing object console
CTRL + W: opens a new window
Клавіша F5: оновлення вмісту усіх вікон консолі
ALT + ПРОБІЛ: call menu &quoKey HOMEole (MMC)
ALT + F4: zakrivaє console
ALT + A: call the menu "ActionKey END V: menus «view»
ALT + F: call the file menu
ALT + O: call the menu "Favorites"

Keyboard shortcuts windows console (MMC)

CTRL + P: print the current page or active region
ALT + знак «мінус»: call menu "Window" active console window
SHIFT + F10: Call the context menu "Action" for the selected item
Клавіша F1: Opens a Help topic (MMCn nayavnostі) on the selected object
Клавіша F5: оновлення вмісту усіх вікон консолі
CTRL + F10: coagulation active console window
CTRL + F5: Restore the active console window
ALT + ENTER: Call Properties dialog box (If you have a) for the selected object
Клавіша F2: перейменуванн�update content of all console windowse active console window, if the console has only one window, This keyboard shortcut closes the console

Remote Desktop

CTRL + ALT + END: Dialog Box Security Microsoft Windows
ALT + PAGE UP: Switching between programs from left to right
ALT + PAGE DOWN: Switching between programs from right to left
ALT + INSERT: through the programs in order, last used
ALT + HOME: виклик меню «Пуск»
CTRL + MLT + BREASPACEBARr between a window and full screen
ALT + DELETE: menus «Windows»
CTRL + ALT + знак «мінус» (-): building a picture of the whole field of the client window to the clipboard on a terminal server (дія, same functionality as pressing ALT + PRINT SCREEN on a local komputer)
CTRL + ALT + знак «плюс» (+): building a picture of the active window client area to the clipboard on a terminal server (дія, same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer)

Navigation in the Web browser Microsoft Internet Exploreaction

CTREND B: Opens the Organize Favorites dialog box
CTRL + E: open panel "Search"
CTRL + F: Start the Find utility
CTRL + H: open cover of the journal
CTRL + I: Opens the selected panel
CTRL + L: відкриває діалогове вікно Відкрити
CTRL + N: launch another instance of the browser on the same Web address
CTRL + O: відкриває діалогове вікно Ві�Opens the Open dialoHOMExe Print dialog box
CTRL + R: Update the current Web page
CTRL + W: close this window

As an illustrative example, consider the process of selecting and buying widescreen monitor with a diagonal 19 inches or 22 дюйми.

This diagonal can very well come and work with office applications, course for vebserfinhu or of the Internet, і зможе забезпечити достатній комфорт при перегляді фільмів.

As this value – 19 inches is expressed in the usual numbers, centimeters. Perche for all, when the aspect ratio monitor 16:10, (Sixteen up to ten), important diagonal and it is 48,1 centimeter. width, horizontal skladova monіtora, is 40,8 сантиметра. Finally, last size – is the height of the monitor – 25,5 сантиметра. All these dimecmnd, related to the monitor screen, а не корпусу.

So, of all sizes rose in its place, and they confirm, що такий виріб не громіздко і ергономічно розміститься на робочому столі користувача.

It is time to note the financial side of the issue. As already mentioned – for humane. І цілком можна вкластися в прийнятну суму близько тисячі гривень.

Now, about the essence of viboru. Image Quality. It can be very subjective measure, and here no comparison can not do. As a rule, on the shelves of computer stores and supermarkets, electronics monitors are in a row and show customers a video. Carefully and slowly, different angles, consider the image shown by. The important point: accuracy, кольору повинні бути максимально близькими до дійсності.

Then you should pay attention to the importance of brightness and contrast. I. bude cool, if the seller will show you how it looks when working with office applications, serfіngom, games and movies. So you will understand – enough or manufacturer declared parameters of brightness and contrast to your tasks. And so from model to model. Whatever zamuchyvsya seller, This is his problem, yomu all clear, and you quietly and calmly, thoughtfully and methodically select the LCD monitor, який буде працювати для Вас і на Вас тривалий період часу.

Next to the important characteristics include this figure as – response time. The smaller, the better – especially if you're a fan of toys. In the manufacturer's stated response time that was achieved under ideal laboratory conditions, so do not rely on them. Check in yourself – back strain seller – better to see once, ніж прочитати і почути.

This characteristic is not limited, and the next is: coverage monitor. Abo glyansove, Matt abo. Glyansove – visually the colors are brighter and saturated, but in bright light will be flashing. Matt – навпаки.

As widescreen monitors with high resolution, it is necessary to signal from the video transferred to digital input – DVI. Адже Ви платите і в тому числі за якісно зображення.

All have to compare. Possible before going to the store run by surveys and forums. and, obtaining basic information, feel free to start visual selection. In the distance you purchase!

As you do not know what to pick up contact with our managers. They will help you buy a monitor in Uzhgorod, а також допоможуть порадою у виборі монітора.

Buy a monitor in Uzhgorod you can fill online order form або за телефоном +380979661803

The bulk of this material is devoted to Dynamic RAM (DRAM), used today in most of the systems. Compared with SRAM (Static RAM), used in second-level cache, it – cheaper solution, but DRAM is a little slower because of the need to periodically update the contents of memory, to avoid loss of information. Now there are varieties of DRAM: Fast Page Mode (FPM) і Extended Data Out (EDO), different way of data access and interaction with the central processor. More advanced technology and is Burst EDO (BEDO), Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), Video RAM (VRAM), Window RAM (WRAM), Synchronous Graphics RAM (SGRAM) і RAMBUS RAM.

This list did not get Static RAM (SRAM) і Read Only Memory (ROM). SRAM does not require periodic updating content and is used in cache. ROM is used mainly for storage of BIOS, where information must be stored and when power is turned off, that allows this type of memory. ROM vklyuchaє a takozh PROM, EPROM, EEPROM і FLASH ROM. Memory type EEPROM and FLASH ROM is used to the BIOS and can be updated by the utility, що поставляються виробником.

The second and third part of this article devoted to technical details and terminology adopted. The fourth paragraph discusses the construction of memory modules with chips and a variety of technical solutions. The fifth section discusses the memory module market and its main participants. If the technical details you do not attract, refer to the sixth section, which describes how to determine forgery of perhaps more likely. The last chapter – це короткий огляд всієї статті.

Memory Chips

DRAM memory modules are available as: DIP (dual in-line package), SOJ (small outline J-lead) і TSOP (thin, small outline package). DIP – a chip with two rows of opinions on both sides of the chip and upayuyetsya these contacts in small holes in the PCB. First, DIP modules are installed directly into the motherboard. Однак, в даний час, they are used primarily in second-level cache and inserted into the Toolbar, soldered to the motherboard. SOJ – Tse, "the same DIP, form zboku », because their conclusions simply bent at the ends, Âk beech «J». Chips such as TSOP different thickness and with little contact, withdrawn in all directions. SOJ and TSOP are designed for mounting on printed circuit boards. Проте дSOJ�кі виробники відеокарт монтують контактні площадки для установки модулів типу SOJ на свої вироби.

Manufacturers of memory chips klepayut them in large quantities in large factories. When launched the first production line, not all produced chips meet the specifications and therefore require relabeling or even destruction (such as by rolling into asphalt . With improving technology defects became less and less. Однак, in consequence of aging equipment again increased the amount of marriage. В даний час більшість виробників виконує заміну технологічних ліній.

Теоретично, each chip to exit the production line should be checked for reliability and speed according to specifications. Однак, chip may have a lower speed, than written on it (Run Faster). Наприклад, 60ns-chip can operate as 59ns – or even as 50ns-chip. Well Yakscho zavodskі tests showed, that the actual speed chip 61 або 69ns, it will be marked as 70ns-chip. Чіпи, which showed stable operation for all tests, relating to Class A (regardless of performance), chips with small defects will be assigned to the class with, а чіпи мають значні дефекти зазвичай знищуються.

Chips class are considered the most reliable and highest quality chips. They are also the most expensive, because it provides stable operation in all conditions. Chips P used in devices, nButnding of system memory as modern computers, napriklad in pagers, calculators and other household appliances. Деякі виробники додатково застосовують іншу класифікацію для ідентифікації чіпів.

Manufacturers put on each chip labeling, that includes the name of the manufacturer, chip configuration, speed and production date. This label is applied not to the surface, and implemented in a plastic casing chip. The only way to remove this label – spilyati її (skin or napylkom . Then the chip protective coating is applied, given him a presentable appearance. Крім того, some manufacturers put on top of a small circuit patterns point to refer to the first output chip for identification peremarkirovok, виконаних кустарно.

Manufacturers use different mark for chips of different classes. Наприклад, Micron uses labeling for MT chips class, chips and other classes are marked as USA or Laser depending on, how they are bad. Other manufacturers use the name of the country for marking chips lower classes. Таким чином, You can find chips with slogans such as «japan», "France", «korea», í t.p. Seeing the chip with the marking, dohadlyvyy buyer zmetykuye, this chip is made of non-standard, cheap materials and does not fully meet the specification. Besides chip manufacturers have different price ranges depending on the amount of testing. Наприклад, same Micron published a paper, which indicates the existence of four price categories for their chips. Chips upper price category carefully tested and guaranteed no errors in 99.9% cases. The lowest price with chips, that the speed and reliability not tested, that is, the buyer acquires chips "as is" and it can not happen. В цьому випадку тестування покладається на покупця.

Produced chips of different capacity (measured in mehabytah – 1Megabyte = 8 * 1Мегабіт), наприклад 1 Megabіt (in this context refer Mb – will the Megabit), 4Mb, 16Mb, 64MB and 256 MB recently z'âvilisâ. Each chip contains a cell, which can be stored on 1 to 16 біт даних. Наприклад, 16Mb-chip can be configured as 4Mbx4, 2Mbx8 або 1Mbx16, but in any case, its total capacity of 16Mb. Таким чином, marking the first number in some producers indicates the total number of cells in the chip, and other – the number of bіt komіrtsі. The number of bits per cell also affects the, скільки біт передається одночасно при зверненні до неї.

The cells in the chip are like two-dimensional array, access to them by numbers indicating the column and row. Each column contains additional circuits to enhance signal, choice and recharge. During the read operation, Each selected bit refers to the corresponding amplifier, then he gets to the line input / виведення. Під час запису все відбувається з точністю до навпаки.

As DRAM cells rapidly lose their data, stored in them, they should be regularly updated. Це називається refresh, and the number of ryadіv, updated by one cycle – refresh rate (Frequency regeneratsії). The most commonly used refresh rates at 2K and 4K. Чіпи, with the frequency of regeneration 2K, can update more cells at once, than 4K and complete regeneration process rather. Therefore, a chip with 2K refresh rate consumes less power. When performing a read operation, regeneration is performed automatically, received signal power at the data here are written back. Цей алгоритм дозволяє зменшити число необхідних регенерації і збільшити швидкодію.

Several control lines used to indicate, when you access the row and column, to what address is being accessed and the data must be sent or received. These lines are called RAS and CAS (Row Address Select – покажчик адреси ряду і Column Address Select – pokazhchik column address), adresnij Dout buffer í / IN (Data In Data Out і). І RAS CAS Лінії вказують, when you access the row or column. The address buffer contains the address of the required number of / column, to which the access lines and DOUT / DIN вказують напрямок передачі даних.

The speed of the asynchronous memory chip is measured in nanoseconds (ns). This rate indicates, how fast data is made available after receiving a signal from RAS. Now the basic speed circuits, on the market – 70, 60, 50 і 45ns. Synchronous pam'yat (SDRAM) uses an external frequency of the motherboard for cycles waiting, and therefore its speed is measured in MHz, а не в наносекундах.

FPM was virtually driven out of the market EDO RAM because, that access to the CPU EDO RAM is faster by about 60%, ніж до FPM.

Access to data in FPM is as follows (example for read operations): when the line RAS is a logical zero (low voltage), Address buffer mіstit number range, from which data should be transferred to the amplifier signal. Followed by the same operation, ale s i s CAS number column. Then turn DOUT line, indicating, which data are available. To access the other column of the same series, only the CAS (це як раз і називається Fast Page Mode). Kozeny time vklyuchennі CAS, DOUT вимикається, забороняючи доступ до даних.

The memory type EDO uses the same algorithms for RAS and CAS, DOUT line but not off, if vklyuchaєtsya CAS. It allows access to start the next column are not waiting for the transfer of the current column. Це дозволяє збільшити швидкість доступChipsежах однієї сторінки і збільшити продуктивність системи.

BEDO (Burst EDO) developed by Micron Technology is an attempt to speed up memory. Being developed, this technology has not entered into widespread use, так як SDRAM "крутіше". FPM, EDO and BEDO not designed for speed 66MHz bus more. At the moment it is not critical for most motherboards, but in the near future the situation should change due to the use of high-speed bus. Так що в даний час модулі BEDO застосовуються в основному для кешування відеопам’яті в професійних графічних системах.

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) – most promising of on the market types of memory. All operations in the SDRAM frequency synchronized with external systems. This helps eliminate the need for analog signals RAS and CAS, required for asynchronous DRAM, increasing productivity. In perspektivі, technology will enable the SDRAM bus frequency to 125MHz. It is very important for overall system performance, as the bus frequency input / виводу – bottleneck for most computers, limiting features of modern systems. For more information on the SDRAM, зверніться до FAQ по SDRAM.

Printed Circuit Boards

Modern printed circuit board consisting of several layers. Alerts, nutrition and weight diluted in various sectors to protect and separate. Standard printed circuit board with four layers, but some manufacturers of memory cards (наприклад, NEC, Samsung, Century, Unigen і Micron) shestysharovi use printed circuit boards. While the debate going on, is it better, teorіya say, that two additional layers improves the separation of data lines, зменшує можливість виникнення шумів і перетікання сигналу між лініями.

Attention is drawn to exploit and material of construction of printed circuit board. Наприклад, normal, four charges made with two signal layers from external parties, Power and weight – in. It provides easy access to the signal lines, наприклад, when remontі. На жаль, this architecture poorly protected from noise, occurring outside and inside. The best configuration – location of signal layers between layers of weight and food, що дозволяє захиститися від зовнішніх шумів і запобігти внутрішні шуми від суміжних модулів.

Unpleasant, but the only way I know to determine the number of layers in the PCB and the location of signal lines – звернутися до виробника.

Memory Modules

Many people think, that the memory modules, they become, made by manufacturers of semiconductors such as Texas Instruments, Micron, NEC, Samsung, Toshiba, Motorola., whose label is on the chips. Sometimes it is so, but there are many manufacturers of memory modules, who do not produce chips. Instead, they acquire components for memory products or manufacturers, abo in poserednikív. Трапляється, these collectors are willing to stick a label on the module for its identification. Although rare to find modules in general unmarked, вони зроблені третіми виробниками.

Large manufacturers of memory modules have contracts with manufacturers of chips for high-class chips. Of course the name of the manufacturer's chip remains, but some manufacturers of memory modules with special arrangements, which chipNECnuSamsungrs put their mark insteaoutput's – factory remarking, ніяк не позначаються на якості чіпа.

Memory modules can be implemented in a SIPP (Single In-line Pin Package), SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module), DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) або SO DIMM (Small Outline DIMM). The most consumed today Modules DIMM and SIMM. SO DIMM often used in laptops. Conclusions (Contacts) memory modules can be plated or coated with tin, depending on the material, of which made a slot for memory. Для кращої сумісності слід прагнути використовувати модулі пам’яті і слоти з покриттям з однакового матеріалу.

There are two types of modules SIMM: 30-contact or 72-contact, depending on the number of conclusions module. 30-contact modules with a width 9 біт (8 bits and parity bits), a 72-contact modules – width 32 бита (no control parnostі) або 36 біт (z parity control). As processors 386 і 486 with 32-bit bus, to use or 4 30-contact SIMM modules, abo a 72-pin module. Systems based on Pentium processors, Pentium Pro Pentium II мають і 64-бітну шину, that requires the use of 72-pin SIMM modules in pairs or single DIMM module, Aki mae width 64 bits and 168 Contact. Необхідна кількість модулів пам’яті для заповнення шини називається «банком» пам’яті.

DIMM modules are divided by the voltage and algorithm. Standard for PC is nebuferizirovannye modules with voltage 3.3 volts, because other market virtually no. Nebuferizovannyh DIMM may include memory type SDRAM, BEDO, EDO і FPM, parent width 64 або 72 bit data parity, а також 72 і 80 біт для ECC. These modules differ from other provisions of the keys (propilіv) in kontaktnіy lіnіytsі. If you look at the module on the front side (of chips), is the key lіvy (propyl) should be in the far right position, а середній – In the mid polozhennі. Left key determines, Chi є module buferіzіrovanim, а середній – визначає напругa seredníj.
DIMM configuration

Буферізірованний ж модулі повинні мати додаткові приймально-передавальні пристрої на всіх лініях даних і в персональних комп’ютерах класу PC не застосовуються.

Parity check is to add 8 significant bits of data recording memory and saving the result in theFPMnth broken parity. While reading the important bits of back up and the result is compared with stored by recording a broken parity. If the results match, considered that the data has not changed and their integrity confirmed. This type of test can find, but not correct a mistake in one biti. Проте помилка в двох бітах залишиться непоміченою.

Given the modern technologies of memory parity error occurs about once in ten years for any module, but if it has met, the consequences can be any. DependinSynchronous DRAM application, parity can not worry. For banking, military and similar programs, where data integrity – one of the prerequisites, potrіbno control parnostі, проте більшості звичайних користувачів він не потрібен.

The best level of data validation is achieved by using ECC (code with bug fixes), which uses 7 або 8 bіt control parnostі (depending on the width of the processor bus 4 або 8 bytes respectively). It can not only find an error in one broken, but to correct it, and find errors in 2, 3 and even 4 бітах. Experience has shown, that 98% error occurs in a broken, so, цей рівень контролю парності прийнятний для більшості критичних до цілісності даних додатків.

30-contact modules can be marked as 1h9 or 4h9, corresponding to the number of bits, that can be transmitted simultaneously (vklyuchayuchi bіt parnostі), and 72-pin modules are designated as 1h32 1h36 and (for 4-megabyte modules to the control or without parity). Almost all modern motherboards support 72-pin SIMM modules with both parity, or without, а також модулі DIMM.

The number of chips on the module is defined as the size of memory chips, and capacity of the whole module. Наприклад, to 32Mb module capacity 4 Megabytes (8 біт – byte, therefore the number of megabits should be divided by 8). Таким чином, 4-megabyte module may contain or eight 4Mb chips, abo two 16Mb. Due to the fact, that there are new chips more capacity, become available and greater capacity memory modules (more than 32 мегабайта), які дозволяють збільшувати загальний обсяг оперативної пам’яті системи.

Установка великої кількості чіпів на один модуль може привести до його перегріву і виходу з ладу всього модуля.

Through those, that 72-pin SIMM modules are 32-bit, banks for these SIMMov also 32-bit. Іноді, using staorchips, produce 64-bit memory modules. These modules shall be designed as dvobankovyh. Наприклад, for 8 megabyte SIMM module (requiring 64Mb), You can use: чотири 16Mb чіпа (configuration 8h2Mb) – 32-bіtny single-bank module, чотири 16Mb �bitsonfiguračotiri 16Mb chipb chips (configuration 4h1Mb) – 64-bіtny dvobankovih module. Зауважимо, that four 16Mb chip (configuration 4h4Mb) will not work, since this module will use only 16 біт даних, and if used eight such chips, a single-bank Buda otrimany 16 MB SIMM module. But sixteen 4Mb chip configuration 1h4Mb also will not work in the 4-megabyte modules. На жаль, odnobankovyh 8-megabyte SIMM modules require the use of TTL circuits, to emulate the two banks, not supported by some motherboards – тому деякі 4-чіпові модулі SIMM іноді не працюють.

In rezultatі, all 8-megabyte SIMM modules (as well as a 32-megabyte) or is dvobankovyh, or emulates this dvobankovyh, according to standard. If the manufacturer ignores these memory requirements, то модуль пам’яті може і не працювати у багатьох випадках.

DIMM – This is no more, nіzh form factor, and the question itself, they better or worse, ніж SIMM, incorrect. The only known degrading 168-DIMM module pynovoho – це те, that pentiumnuyu fee they can be installed on one, in the hour of yak modulі SIMM pairs seems. Очевидно, that is degrading very slightly. However, for, say, EDO DIMM it actually only. Another thing, bit�сі практично всі вироблені в даний час модулі DIMM оснащені пам’яттю типу SDRAM.

Market Memory

Most chips (about 80%), produced the main producers of semiconductors, not used in their own products, and sold in large quantities to other companies for contracts, which is determined by fixed prices and volumes of supplies. Since the plant construction cost is not cheap and takes a long time, that such contracts guarantee the return of the enterprise and protect producers from fluctuations in market. Решта чіпи реалізуються через дистриб’юторську мережу.

Major manufacturers of memory modules Kingston, Century, Unigen, Simple, Advantage, and others are purchased directly from manufacturers chips. The best manufacturers use chips class, to ensure the reliability of its products. Some small "left" manufacturers buy chips or on the gray market, or chips in the lower class producers, and may use chips, removed from old or defective modules. This helps maintain low prices, жертвуючи якістю і надійністю.

For production ready memory module to a few: drukovana salary, some chips (and of course equipment for mounting chips), as well as some information about the collection. The quality of the finished module determined by the quality and chip production process. Although the main part of the chip module is, but the quality of, compatibility and reliability of products also affect: quality of the PCB, production management and wiring circuits. The manufacturer must be careful to maintain performance chips, as high temperature, used for soldering, may damage the product or reduce its reliability and performance, навіть приводячи до невідповідності маркування.

As mentioned earlier, speed chip deposited on its outer side, together with other data. Usually it is specified after the sign "-" or the last one or two digits in the labeling. Наприклад, 60ns access speed can be marked as "-6", «-06"Or" -60 ", and something like «GM71C17400AJ6», where we are interested in the latter figure. Speed ​​access shows, how long should chip in response to CPU, тому краще щоб вона була менше.

In printsipі, the faster speed bus, the more rapid memory should be used in the system. Наприклад, bus frequency 8MHz require only 150ns modules, 33MHz – 70ns модулів, а 66MHz – 60ns modulív. The use faster modules does not cause problems, but the use of slower modules may lead to errors in the application and suspension. It is desirable, that the speed of memory modules, vstanovlenih in sistemі, especially in one bank, match. Even if all the modules have a speed faster, than necessary for the processor, it does not cause side effects. Як говорилося раніше, and speed, aka posted on cipi, indicates only the lowest rate of work. Теоретично (i really), Module pam'yatі Mauger, наприклад, have one of the chip speed 52ns, other – 56ns, a tretij – 60ns.

Buyer

KNOW, WHAT YOU BUY! First, determine the manufacturer's chip and module manufacturer. There are many manufacturers of chips and know them all very hard. Consult the manufacturersDIMMchips and modules. Although all the major manufacturers produce high-quality chips, but they also sell their chips and P, and can attack only on substandard products. So look for good, known seller, that can clearly explain, where he took this memory, бо іншого шляху відрізнити пам’ять класу С ми запропонувати не можемо.

Many manufacturers of modules provide a lifetime warranty, evBEDOodules with chips lower class. Reasons for this may be different, but nevertheless they win, because most use their systems over several years, few computer loads so, that memory is maintained in hard mode. Chips low grade (even used) can work satisfactorily for several years, but still below their reliability, than the new chip class. It may take a long time to establish the fact, that application errors associated with poor memory, а не з помилками програм.

На жаль, в даний час, not look at the manufacturer's name on the chip. Due to increasing competition in the market memory, there are many ways to reduce prices, basically all they are to the detriment of the quality. Knowing, What to look for will help reduce the chance of buying low-quality modules, it is necessary to understand icons and scribble, нанесених на чіпи.

RE dobutku module. One popular way to save and how, on what to pay attention, This so-called "re-manufactured modules". As mentioned above, Each manufacturer shall affix a date on the chip (IT крім, which causes it to PCB). This date is of the form "HHNN", GG de – year, a NN – Number Tyzhden, which produced a product. Наприклад, inscription "9622" refers to, scho chіp held in 22th Tyzhden 1996 року.

Майте на увазі, that all chips are the same configuration on one module must have the same (or close) date and manufacturer of all chips must be a (sometimes this rule is violated, ale is not often). Chips and chips parity data can sometimes have different dates of, as possible of different configuration. Але тим не менше дати не повинні відрізнятися дуже сильно.

If these dates differ, it is a great chance to run into "re-manufactured module". There is nothing wrong, besides, this may affect the reliability through repeated heating chips at perepayuvannya (remember, temperatures can damage the reliability and speed of the chip). Крім того, these chips, shvidshe for all, been used, and you would not want to buy them, якщо б не ціна.

Another negative aspect can be used in 16-megabyte modules 4Mb chips. This can lead to overheating of the module using, що може викликати зниження надійності або вихід з ладу чіпів.

Peremarkіrovany chіpi. Ще один спосіб – remarking chips. Іноді, to bring into line the names and dates on chips, initial markings are removed and put new. It is a fraud. But to know for sure, Have deleted the original labeling, не можна.

Although sometimes you can determine peremarkovani chips, having in mind tCenturyowing. As the section on production, new chip should have a smooth shiny surface, and many manufacturers also cause relief point on this surface (tsya point of a small, Besides Shuka krasche). Since the surface of the chip remarking spylyvaetsya, then it will look dull and plain. Land points are no longer so clear, and express the surface properties of the chip bits of dataally, if the marking easily erased fingernail or knife, то цей чіп перемаркірувати напевно.

Як говорилося раніше, some chips peremarkovuvaty the factory. This is because, chip manufacturer that their labeling is not caused. And this is not a fraud, i do not є remarking. Given the above, distinguish peremarkirovanyy handicraft chip, нескладно.

Memory used. Ще один спосіб – sale have been used before memory. Often people prodayut his old pam'yat. Seller, that they bought this memory, sell it again and really get a good profit. This can be avoided by checking the date on chips, Yak says vische. Any plug-year-old is likely to have used. Items sold bad memory, because the new memory can not lie so long on the shelf. Another method used memory – look at the contact module. They should not be scratched. Although the, If the date of manufacture of chips is not very old, то цей модуль міг просто вставлятися в материнську плату для тестування.

FAKE Control parnostі. If you memory with parity, it must be borne in mind, that there is a bit (real) and logical (no) control parnostі. If the first case, parity is reSche a sposіbescribed algorithm, in the second case is the following: writing parity bit will not record, and when reading this bit simply generated by the data issued. This will ensure, signal that parity is always on the memory controller. Таким чином, no control actually happens. The creation of such modules made sense, when applied in 30-pin SIMM memory chips and are rather expensive (additional cost of the chip is about 12% the cost of the module, in case of 8 chip data). If parity is not required, and the system does not support modules without parity, then use the logical control – a suitable. На жаль, This practice was continued and in modules of 72-th contact. Тому пам’яті з підробленими контролем вже продано чимало.

The meaning of such schemes is in extracting additional profits seller. How to distinguish real parity bits from logical falsification? There is a very easy way. All modules, that implements real parity, toil chіp Control, promarkіrovany, in fact chislі, bukvami "BP". It stands for «bit parity». So if this chip is not peremarkovuvaty, then it can always be found on the module. Moreover, bearing in mind, module that this parity should be higher by 8-12% through additional chip, if theNoteth parity, most expensive for a couple of dollars, we can say with confidence, що контроль парності на такому модулі логічний.

USE cheap technology. Almost all small manufacturers also try to profit by the maximum savings, even vpaivaya sometimes some elements of module. Natural, This can cause considerable problems. You can read about one, найбільш відомою з них.
***

SPEED MEMORY. In the user to any motherboard reads, chips which access time is recommended. Usually offered to use chips with speeds of 70ns or faster access. Це означає, that modules with chips at speeds of 60ns access to work properly, and application modules 80ns chips can lead to errors and hang ups. Speed ​​access to the modules in a bank must be identical, while the use of modules with different speed characteristics in different banks allowed. Але при цьому система буде працювати зі швидкістю самого повільного модуля.

EDO і FPM. Almost all modern motherboards, including some Boards 486 CPU, can use EDO RAM. Memory Type EDO promoted as a much more rapid than with FPM, but really, this advantage is not so obvious because of the use on the motherboard speed second level cache. Without the cache, performance of systems with memory EDO type faster on 20%, than systems with memory FPM, but if the amount of L2 cache at least 256 кілобайт, це перевага не перевищує 1-2%.

SDRAM. SDRAM certainly gives the gain in performance compared to the Edo period of 60ns access time, however, no six-zovsіm, as you might think, Despite the marked. In particular, when chastotі sistemnoї Shini 66 MGC the 430TX chipset (VX does not optimizes the SDRAM) EDO 60ns memory allows for sequential access scheme 5-2-2-2, а SDRAM з маркуванням 10ns – for shemoû 5-1-1 – 1, which gives the winning order 30%. (In fact, much less win, because memory access is not always consistent, and much more important is the cache) However, with increasing frequency of system bus (However Intel officially announced yet processors, working on the surface of frequency, ale is obvious, it is not far off) up to 100MHz SDRAM 10ns would still be able to support the scheme 5-1-1-1, and EDO 60ns is unworkable or even, або буде працювати за значно гіршій схемою.

TIN against gold. Some sources report, the material of which the memory module contacts and the respective input, should coincide. That is, buying new memory modules, sure, that their contact area made of the same material, as contacts in the connector of your motherboard. This comparison can be done purely visually, as gold contacts are yellow, and olov'yanі – white. Очевидно, that this recommendation is based on the, in some (наприклад, wet) environments possible oxidation reaction in the zone of collision of different metals. Це може призводити до нестійкої роботи системи пам’яті і навіть відмо�ns

Dvobankovih PAM'ÂTʹ̱. Some motherboards can use dvobankovyh memory module size 8 і 32 мегабайти. It is therefore important before buying these modules ensure, that your motherboard supports these modules. Наприклад, Many payment processor-based 486 при використанні всіх банків 30-контактних модулів SIMM не можуть працювати з двобанкових 72-контактними модулями SIMM.

DVOH-I CHETIREHCHІPOVIE MODULІ. Although the use of such modules and does not cause problems, some motherboards may not support chetyrehchipovye module capacity 8 Мегабайт, consisting of 16Mb-chip through non-standard configuration. Як говорилося раніше, possible establishment odnobankovyh 8-megabyte modules of 16Mb chips by emulating two banks using TTL-circuits. But not all motherboards support this configuration, not recognizing these modules or refusing hruzytsya. З іншого боку ні про які проблеми з двочіпових модулями мені чути не доводилося.

FREQUENCY REGENERATSІЇ. It is better to use memory modules with a frequency of regeneration 2K, s 4K nіzh a frequency, because they consume less power. Модулі з частотою регенерації 2К працюють стійкіше через менший нагріву і більш частого поновлення даних.

Mixing different types of memory. There are many recommendations on this issue. However, the general rule is – in a memory bank to establish the same type, and do not install memory, not supported motherboard. Although some possible exceptions, проходження цьому правилу дозволить уникнути будь-яких проблем.

If the motherboard, наприклад, supports EDO, and if one bank set FPM RAM, and in another – EDO, most likely it will work correctly, although perhaps, EDO that in this case will work as FPM. Some boards require, that in this case, EDO memory type installed in the first bank. If the motherboard can not correctly identify the type of installed memory, то система буде працювати некоректно або зовсім не буде працювати.

Another aspect of this issue related to the mixing memory modules with varying access time. If you use the same performance modules wSometimes bank, this problem does not skoríše vinikne. When using slower memory, than required by the motherboard (and these requirements are based on the frequency of system bus), a need to add more cycles waiting for the processor-memory. This is done by changing the settings Setup BIOS. In this case, the CPU will wait for data ready bit longer. If the memory is so slow, that did not help adding extra cycles waiting, то можливі численні помилки додатків і зависання.

Many sources say, that all memory modules are already running at a speed of the slowest module. But I see no arguments, able to confirm or refute this position. I like it very unlikely, as performance chip – internal characteristics, defined time, pass the time of the signal RAS data to appear at the output. The tire is nothing suspect about, how fast tTheoreticallyk mentioned, Chip promarkіrovany, наприклад, as 60ns can work faster. The main, це те, to the next data memory was available. Це означає, all modules, regardless of their performance, will work with one common output, which is determined by, how quickly will the required data processor or cache. If you installed additional cycles waiting for the application in the system slower memory, then all accesses to memory start running slower, because the bus is idle more time. However, this does not mean, що всередині чіпи починають працювати повільніше.

And another important point – This application DIMM modules with modules like SIMM. Set them together is not recommended due to the fact, that the DIMM modules are powered from 3.3 вольт, а SIMM – from 5. The majority of motherboards have the same food for slots SIMM and DIMM. In this regard,, when installing modules in both types of connectors, DIMM to be given high voltage 5 вольт. This can lead to failure of the chips on the module. Although there are facts, that the modules are working properly, use them off-if not immediately cause their failvoltпризводить до скорочення терміну служби.

Conclusion

It is important to understand, that memory as well as all – for with higher wages, then get. If a memory is offered at a cheaper price, chances are good, and that quality in her lower. Even if a cheap memory is given a guarantee, often it is not useful because, що проблеми виявляються після закінчення її терміну.

Навіть виробництво модулів пам’яті третіми виробниками з добре зарекомендували себе чіпів може призводити до значного погіршення їх якості.

So better not to save – and acquire a good memory in good companies, які до того ж можуть виробляти її тестування.

Buy pam'yat in Uzhgorodі. Order

Devices, performing simple calculations, commonly referred to as calculators. They work hard for algorithms, treated with buttons. Although universal computers, часто, managed teams are entered from the keyboard, their main functions are regulated by software, or programs. Employment and calculators, and universal computer reduces, в основному, до маніпулювання символами спеціального виду.
What are computers

Computers are divided into two main types of: analogovі i tsifrovі, that different principles of construction, means the internal representation of information, реакцією на що надходять команди.

Analog computer at work that imitates, that calculates the. He constantly varies its characteristics. His reaction is analogous to the problem embodied in the process. Universbasicallys a resistor, конденсатори, kotushki іnduktivnostі, з’єднання між якими відображають умови задачі.

There are various types of analog computers. They are "programmed" by objective physical characteristics of their components. In some analog computers is done by including and excluding certain components from connecting their chains and modified variable resistance, індуктивностей і ємностей в ланцюгах.

In addition to these hardware, like automatic transmission cars and music synthesizers, Analog computers are used and to perform specific computational tasks. There are universal analog computers, які, but, поширені набагато менше цифрових.

Digital computers are changing binary numbers, or bits, representing the conditions of the problem, to be addressed. In the digital computer numbers can be used to represent other information, this, Âk letters, operatsії "plus", «мінус» та ін На противагу аналоговим цифрові комп’ютери працюють кінцевими кроками.

Besides, there are so-called hybrid computers, які, as the name, combine characteristics of both analogue, and digital computers. Next we will talk about the most common type of computer, яким є цифрові комп’ютери.

Digital computers use relatively smawhichber of basic functions, required to perform tasks. The most important characteristics of these computers is the speed, reproducibility, versatility. Завдяки цим властивостям цифрові комп’ютери знаходять дуже широке застосування в широкому діапазоні від годин до космічних апаратів.

Basic scheme for these computers was offered a J. von Neumann in the late 40's. The computer is a logical connection blocks, with a specific purpose. Enlarged blocks often called subsystems, composed of smaller units, employees specific purpose. Those, найчастіше, складаються з ще менших блоків і компонентів.

A digital computer consists of five major subsystems: arithmetic logic unit (processor), device management, memory subsystem, внутрішніх зв’язків і введення-виведення.

Since its inception, the computer became a public instrument, – tool, applicable in almost any profession. The use of computers no longer requires employees to be experts Programmers. Therefore particularly important specialized centers to service computers. For example, such as service center “Computer Service in Uzhgorod“, фахівці якого мають великий досвід усунення неполадок комп’ютерів.

1. Processor (Stone) – and the thing, that calculates the, vary in speed, by firm production (Интел, AMD) For modern toys – better pentium 3 із частотою 500 and above, go to the Office and simple pentium – but it's a rarity today, so at least celeron (Интел) pentium 2-400, for the last option fits the Internet too…
2. Memory ’ driveIntelozki, that type of thinking, the smart more, тим краще – Today they are cheap as ever (prices still go down), take better 128 more, But enough and 64, the main thing to remember was a good ’ drive (It often happens with arthritis – unknown manufacturers…but there are exceptions and) Take the memory of five known manufacturers ’ – hundaj, самсунг, simens, etc.. – though more expensive pay, then fewer problems may occur – very often “left” Pam ’ Yat refuses…
3. Winchester – This is a permanent memory ’ drive, where all of your work, toys and etc will be recorded (type of tape at magnìtofonì), Similarly, the more, тим краще – the price of hard drives (they are the same screws or HDDs) fall, the dependence of the prices on the volume of the screw is not proportional to – 20 GB screw will cost only 10-15% more than 10Gb. Manufacturer of screws each chooses to taste – home warranty – screws, as other carriers, can “crumble”(rare, but it happens – to 1-2% in during 2 years of work), so you have to ask the seller in ’, as he performs warranty (normal warranty on IDE screws -2 years, When possible the damage in this period, If it will not be mechanical damage, You must replace or repair)
4. Motherboard (motherboard, mamka)- It had to start the conversation about the configuration, on mamku all clings (or it all vstromlâêt′sâ – comma as convenient), depends on what processor mamki from it you can stick to, What kind of memory ’ drive to put and how much and what you can put in it (video card, sound card, modem, network and etc.) Frequently asked questions – виробник (of course the best brand, but not in proportion to the “speed” дорожче – for example, as for what tested ASUS 120$ and NO NAME for 70$ chip BX, i.e. How would the same in all respects, In addition to the “title”, on the frames per second at cool 3D toys – ASUS-and 5% It was more, than on the other…) ATX or AT mamka – This control nutrition companies – It is Your discretion, JSC with the appropriate body of the cheaper mamka, and as for me, so once again the power button press so much easier, than watch as it makes the system…
5. Video – the important thing in competence, Thanks to her we see what we see (well and without mamki, memory ’ memory, the processor we would also monitor on the screen nothing would saw). The video card is the name of the, виробник, memory ’ drive and possible navoroty (TV output, TV input or something else). The principle of choice is normal – more money, best graphics card. But not always works on the principle of more memory ’ memory – better video… Voodoo 3 2000(3000-5500) 16 Mb – a good choice for game companies. Go to the Office and any S3 4 MB. In some materinkah graphics card ubumanufacturerd) – not the best choice, але дешевий.
6. Building – This thing called processor newbies, in fact the Corps and Corps or the system unit – This is where all of the above components are attached. Of course in the case built block food. Distinguish between ATH and JSC case, (more PSU). Not hard to dogadatisâ, What colors, view, form of the case on the work of the companies do not affect (though full of people, especially in Turkey, in this perekonaêš)
7. Monitor – here as with TV, the more expensive and more diagonal, тим краще. But unlike the screws, the cost for each inch diagonal monitor not in proportion to the growing – 15 inch cost from 130$ (дорожче – better and less is more harmful for eyes), 21 inch – from 550$ і вище.
8. CD-ROM – a device for reading CDs, more high-speed type better, but with experience chasing speed runs – better than corporate (I'm the best TEAC- 32x or 40x have not seen). In an unbalanced CD Hi-speed sidûke much noise (vibrates) and bad at the same time to read – the machine through this may stop responding, because TEACi difficult by themselves (namely the rotation mechanism in them tâžčaj, the other CD ROMov) noise is not heard…і читання краще.
9. Modem – may be internal, can an external – the difference I'm not cited, While talking to eat (in price so exactly – external to the “building, power supply cable” дорожче). For our lines of the principle of the same, дорожче – better, cheap generally may not make (the line does not keep) – but where as – better to try and order and others, якщо є можливість.
10. Sound card, columns, keyboard, mouse, diskovìd disk 3,5″ – It is your choice, If you're not a musician and fine music appreciator, ubudovana zvukovuha in mamku or any cheap by 10$ go, column for 5 baksov, keyboard and mouse for 6-8$, diskovìd (He's the same flop) – 12$

The announcement of the possible configuration and decoding:

Celeron-600/P3-BF/10.2 Gb/64 MB/16 MB/48 x/15″ Samsung – Сomputer, with the processor Seleron, frequency 600 megahertz, motherboard P3-BF (Asus), 10-screw you gigobajtnym, 64 MB (meter) RAM memory ’ memory, 16 megabytes of memory ’ memory in video card (or vìdeopam ’ memory), 48 high-speed CD-ROM, 15 inch Samsung monitor
M/b P-III 733/i815/20.4 Gb/128 MB/16 MB(TV-Out)/CD-RW TEAC/SB –the better Pentium processor 3 із частотою 733, oregano i815, 20Gb screw, 16’ memory vìdeopam Mb, the video card is the video output(on TV, VCR…), CD-RW – a device for reading record (overwriting) CD-ROM drive, звукова карта.

That's all about a typical configuration of a modern personal computer ’ computer. There are still various peripherals – Printer, scanning machines, camera – here if there is a need, You can always buy, and tmore expensivelater this – тим дешевше купите, because prices steadily go down. Not advised to buy a printer (scanner or camera), If you plan to use it two ^-two-two-two-time per month – better and cheaper to burn to disk(3,5″) your documents (only “out from under” common programs and applications) and print in any Office – so now every corner of…
Yet it is important when buying companies – warranty. Guarantee to give all, but each differently it abides by – Some may blame failure on you all, and if you're an inexperienced user, will be right (not skillfully used, viruses, missed out on the, stuknuli, connected with power, etc.) and of course repair, but for a certain amount of, others like to pull the rubber – 6 change the faulty – prices go down, and more spread, тим дешевше купиш… The first will be held with the experience, second – arrange in advance, How will the vikonaût′sâ guarantee…

Buy notebook in Uzhgorod, Buy computer in Uzhgorod

Сomputer – This is a very complex system of interrelated, effectiveness of which depends on the capacity of its components and the correct combination. Отже, even if your computer super CPU, but he is not well cooled, benefit from it will be little, because he can not work in full force. That is, computer system must be balanced, аби всі її компоненти мали можливість максимально реалізувати всі свої можливості.

Many stores will offer ultramodernyy fancy supercomputer, який, when testing, may show itself even worse, than a computer with much smaller amounts of memory and the number of megahertz, but the latter will cost you much cheaper!

Before you buy an upgrade abo (improvement) komp'yutera, you need to clearly define for what purpose you use the computer: z for robots text, графікою і відео або для ігор.

Buy now assembled computer, separately or buy all the necessary components and collect the same – osobista your device. If you really have all the necessary knowledge, to collect all their own – Tse is, certainly, the best option! First, is cheaper, a per-second, you get all, scho be included cutaneous component, all operating instructions, the driver disk, etc.. In the case of, if you buy already assembled computer, seller can leave it all to yourself, Abi if you happen to be polomtsі komp'yuter servіs in store. Do the words, already assembled model is a good margin, much more, than pay assemblers!

If you build yourself a computer can not, and do not want to overpay – buy in parts, and then order the collection in a different computer service. So you get a warranty for each component and the whole computer in general!

Розгін

Acceleration – This is another way to save money when buying a computer. Roughly Saying, You can buy a component class below, a potim, with their adjustment to bring it closer in performance to the component class above, який, of course, and more!

How are acceleration – not subject of this article, but often scatter the computer processor and graphics card, and be prepared to, after overclocking the processor will warm more, a mean, йому буде потрібно краще охолодження.

Platform

This is one of the most difficult things when choosing a computer, AMD and Intel fans for many years, arguing that, of these platforms better. У зв’язку з цим виникло безліч чуток.

It is believed, that AMD processors are more heated, and it was true until recently, but now the situation has changed, take into account the shortcomings of its manufacturer and processors from Intel processors now sometimes bask more!

There is a myth, that processors from AMD are less reliable, they burn during etc.. This also was true until recently, and that only because of insufficient cooling. Agree, pointless to blame the manufacturer in the refrigerator, that he could not overcome the heater in the freezer?

In general, If someone you categorically states, that processors from AMD are somewhat worse, we believe the word should not be, особливо якщо цей хтось захоплено розпов�whichвам про процесори Intel.
The main difference between these platforms is, that AMD is cheaper, але при цьому майже не поступаються по продуктивності своїм конкурентам.

Memory

Tse another parameter, on to assess the performance of your computer, but, there is no point in arguing, The more RAM – the better, zayvoyu not won bude. In addition to the volume of "RAM" should take into account the frequency, на якій вона працюватиме.

Prices of computers held consistently for several years, so, наприклад, good universal (for most of) computer a year ago could be bought for $700-800, is good universal computer can be bought for about the same money, behold it will be a completely different computer, in him will have very different, stronger and more modern components. It is connected with the rapid development of technology, to, computer to always meet the challenges of the modern games, such things as video card, memory and the processor will have to change every year. Of course, have from time to time change and the motherboard, i block zhivlennya, оскільки вони теж можливо не відповідатимуть вимогам нових компонентів.

On the computer for the office easier. If it does not need to perform special tasks for working with graphics and video, and you want it mainly for work with documents, then the price it will not above $500, and that it will be very good office computer, price may actually begin to $300!

Gaming PCs at a price starting from $600-700, important to them faster processor, large amount of RAM and a modern video card. Саме ці компоненти надалі игроманам доведеться міняти найчастіше.

If you need a computer to perform specific tasks, наприклад, graphics or sound, то зверніться до спеціалізованих статей по вибору саме цих компонентів.

If money was

The beauty of a stationary computer in the, that there simply replace one component by another, or add more RAM, or connect another hard drive. Тому, for, To save money on buying you can take right away only the minimum necessary, to computer work, ale z slight alteration zapas, to continue to expand capacity. For example, You can buy a good CPU and motherboard with the ability to install more powerful processor, with a few free slots for memory cards, which would save on operatyvtsi out, dokupyvshy it later. Sound card is usually integrated, many of its full enough, but still you can buy it separately, productive. Video can also be integrated, but if you're going to play modern games, graphics card is better to take for examplenext time to upgrade the processor or memory, it may have become obsolete!

Buy notebook in Uzhgorod, Buy computer in Uzhgorod

What desktop (десктоп) best laptop?

→ it is convenient to work. You can sit at a comfortable distance from the monitor, conveniently placed keys and other important nuances, when working over 1 години на день.

→ picture monitor is almost always better display laptop. Monitor for and made, to show, because its characteristics are best, than a mandatory addition to your laptop. In the laptop trying to reduce the negative display, and monitors trying to improve benefits. Feel the difference in approach?

→ in most cases, home computer (десктоп) cheaper laptop with the same parameters (core, Motherboard, operational pam'âtʹ, i vіdeokarta etc.) Diminutiveness imposes additional challenges for developers details laptops, and thus increases its cost. This is an important point for those, who is going to work at home and nowhere to go with the computer not required. Why overpay?

→ if you spilled a cup of tea on the keyboard home computer, you have to roztratytysya 10-15 dollars, to buy new. I will be able to replace. And if you spilled a cup of tea on laptop keyboard, Tse then ... Mauger lead before, that have to buy a new laptop (subject, that you he was not wild, protected from dust and oxen special film. But who are buying home?).

→ laptop moral starіє in 2-4 levels švidše desktop. That is the relevance of desktop remains more 3-5 years with the ability to make upgrades of individual components. А ось ноутбук через пару років можливо навіть полагодити не вийде – деталі перестануть випускати.

→ when buying a computer for entertainment, Games, the laptop is just as weak in terms of, and simple picture is not so good. Тут десктоп поза конкуренцією.

What better laptop desktop (десктопа).

→ you can take with you. And in Dvir, i across the ocean. І це неважко – на те він і портативний.

→ turn off the light? No beings, the laptop has its own battery, that can support the work of up to 2 hours, а деякі спец-моделі – і більше.

→ laptop does not need a special table. It can be on your knees and put, and on the kitchen table, and lie on the carpet with him. The sense, якщо працювати будете.

→ a wide range of, built-in functions media, often a good vmіst details, фабричний.

And you decide: If you are a business and do correspondence, Need computer "anywhere", the notebook for you. Інакше … я раджу десктоп.

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unlock code: 9109101313